A Descriptive Study of Food Tourism in the Philippines

FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY Institute of Tourism and Hotel Management In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements in TRMT: Tourism Research Methods and Techniques A descriptive study of Food Tourism in the Philippines Acknowledgement We have taken efforts in this project. However, this research would not have been possible without the guidance and the help of several individuals who in one way or another contributed and extended their valuable assistance in the preparation and completion of this research project. First and foremost, my utmost gratitude to Mrs. Eliza Daval-Santos, my professor in this Tourism Research Methods and Techniques subject, for the guidance and lessons she taught us about all of the research principles and†¦show more content†¦The proposed study serves the students as their reference or guide in acquiring knowledge in what the country has to offer in the field of culinary particularly in food tourism. The study aims to prepare the students for their internships in the food business like Hotels, Resorts, as well as in the aviation industry where most of the end-users of their products are tourists. This study will help the businessmen, especially owners of food establishments, to know What the tourist wants when it comes to food and to take full advantage of it. This also aims to elevate the quality of food in terms of preservation, crafts and taste to be internationally competitive and economically beneficial. The proposed study will benefit and help the future researchers as their guide. The study can also contribute in developing the quality of food tourism in the Philippines. Another significance of this study is for the public to be aware of food contamination and poisoning through imported food. Limitations of the Study: The study is subject to following limitations: 1. The study is limited to restaurants / food establishments which originated only inthe Philippines. 2. 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Mythology Of Yami Mythology - 1841 Words

MYTHOLOGY The Yami have a unique mythology that functions both as the structure and law of their culture as well as serving as a history of the ancestors for the family recites it; in other words, what is called the Song of the Ancestors is different or each family that recites it, and as far back as how the people got there in the myths may be different between village to village, or family to family. Inez de Beauclair calls the Yami creation myths genealogical stories (1974, 56).† (quoted cp 5). The Yami have myths covering similar topics that are common to most ancient mythologies- the first men, the how and why of settlements emerged, the existence and uses of many plants animals and objects, and what the Yamis relationships†¦show more content†¦Their main god, Simo-Rapao , is in charge of all other gods and passes judgment and punishments to the Yami on suggestion of the other gods who observe and report on the Yamis doings, and created the first two persons. While there a re many gods in charge of different aspects, the gods are rarely mentioned in everyday life or mentioned by name in myths but are referred to as person from above (belief sec, ref (Beauclair1974, 15)) The demons and the rules surrounding them are the most sophisticated aspect of the Yami belief system. There is an emphasis between real and imaginary (ie, people vs demons) and their cosmology includes the demons island, and the â€Å"white Island† where a persons main soul goes after death. The functional mythology system can be considered demonism due to focus on demons in cultural fears and rituals. Anito is a word mostly used for demon, or ghost (the Yami have a different word for soul of a living person), commonly in reference to bad ghosts or demons that cause harm: bad behavior, sickness, injury, death, or anything bad that can happen to the Yami are attributed to these demons. Good demons or ghosts who do not harm but watch over their family and offer comfort also exist. There is a second type of demon, called vongkow, that is nether good or bad and only takes the souls of bad people (Benedek, ch 3belief sect). Demons can take the form of anything, and capable of anything a person can, being as they were one before. They

A Business Plan to Start a New Business S P Hatcheries India Ltd. Free Essays

Business Plan A Business Plan to start a new business S P Hutchies India Ltd. A Business Plan to start a new business S P Hutchies India Ltd. , prepared as a part of the curriculum Management Studies and Research at Humera Khan Institute of Management Studies and Research. We will write a custom essay sample on A Business Plan to Start a New Business S P Hatcheries India Ltd. or any similar topic only for you Order Now Business Plan A Business Plan to start a new business S P Hutchies India Ltd. A Business Plan to start a new business S P Hutchies India Ltd. , prepared as a part of the curriculum Management Studies and Research at Humera Khan Institute of Management Studies and Research. Business Plan A Business Plan to start a new business S P Hutchies India Ltd. Venue: HK Bldg. , Adj MHADA Complex, Oshiwara, Jogeshwari (W), Mumbai-102 | Tel. : 26774639 / 26774588 – Fax: 26790095 Venue: HK Bldg. , Adj MHADA Complex, Oshiwara, Jogeshwari (W), Mumbai-102 | Tel. : 26774639 / 26774588 – Fax: 26790095 Submitted to: Prof. Sadaf Khan Submitted By: DARSHAN PATIL ROSHAN VICHARE DHAWAL SHAH RUBY SINGH Content: Project Information * COMPANY PROFILE * EXECUTIVE SUMMERY * PROJECT INTRODUCTION * PRODUCT INFORMATION * PRODUCT FEATURES NUTRITION CONTENT * VITAMINS CONTENTS * OTHER PROTEIN SOURCES * COMPETETIVE ADVANTAGE i. Protein Shake v/s Solid Protein ii. Technology behind the Project * GENETICS PROCESS * SALMONELLA TREATMENT * EXAMPLE OF HYPOTHETICAL DIET PLAN ————————————————- COMPANY PROFILE COMPANY NAME: OFFICE ADDRESS: S P HUTCHRIES INDIA LTD. 3372, Chavata, Old Nashik Road, Chavata, Nashik-. Office Contact No. : 0250-2513905 E-mail id for Support: info@sp15. com Website: www. sp15. com ————————————————- A Business Plan to start a new business S P Hutchies India Ltd. India’s poultry industry represents a major success story. While agricultural production has been rising at the rate around 2 percent per annum over the past two to three decades, poultry production has been rising at the rate of around 8 percent per annum, with an annual turnover of US$ 7 500 million. The future outlook for Indian poultry also appears to be very favorable. The most conservative estimates predict a two- to three-fold increase in poultry production over the next ten or fifteen years. A Business Plan to start a new business S P Hutchies India Ltd. India’s poultry industry represents a major success story. While agricultural production has been rising at the rate around 2 percent per annum over the past two to three decades, poultry production has been rising at the rate of around 8 percent per annum, with an annual turnover of US$ 7 500 million. The future outlook for Indian poultry also appears to be very favorable. The most conservative estimates predict a two- to three-fold increase in poultry production over the next ten or fifteen years. EXECUTIVE SUMMERY The poultry farming in India occupies an important position due to its enormous potential to bring about rapid economic growth, particularly benefiting the weaker sections due its low investment requirement and short gestation period. The poultry, which was considered as a backyard proposition in the early 60’s has now been transformed into a strong agro based commercial activity having tremendous employability and income generation potential contributing nearly 0. 7% of the national GDP and about 10% of the Livestock GDP. We four of us planned to start this business after going through surveys and studies about many egg consumers who are now shifted from the normal egg to protein shake. Our focus was not only Maharashtra but all the egg consumers of India who prefers an added protein over the normal egg. Secondly our focus is on professions like Body-Building, Athletes, Actors, Sports persons those who are concentrating on the health. So we are planning the processed egg with ‘High Protein Content’ as well as keeping the muscle growth in mind. According to marketing analysis we found that customer always need something new as well as cost effective options. i. e. Greater Value with lesser cost. Currently in the market there are two qualities present Layers and Desi keeping this thing in mind we are coming with a new quality of the egg. Introducing our Brand – â€Å" SP15 † ————————————————- PROJECT INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Project Brief Layer farm business is an agro-based project. This can be started in both rural and semi-urban areas. According to the current industry practice, poultry sheds are available on rent basis. These sheds have complete required facilities and equipment. The rent varies between Rs 0. 5 to Rs 1 per square e feet depending upon the location and facilities at the farm. Major portion of the cost includes bird feed. Day old chicks of Layer are initially reared for a period of 18 weeks. On completion of 18 weeks, the birds start laying eggs for the period of next 52 weeks. On an average, one layer lays about 300 eggs per laying season of 52 weeks. After the completion of laying period, the layers are sold in the market as culled birds. The selling price of these birds is determined on per bird basis. 1. 2 Opportunity Rationale Layer farming is a profitable business as the produce of the farm provides high quality animal protein which is daily requirement of the human body. Animal Protein is more valuable than that of plant protein. The average availability of protein is 11 grams a day, which is far less than the recommended daily dietary protein consumption of 26 grams according to the World Health Organization Standards. The bodybuilder’s diet consists of 3 meals a day, plus several snacks in between the meals. Protein shakes are the best option for those snacks. Usually a protein shake consists of protein powder, skim milk, and flavouring of fresh or frozen fruit. If a protein shake is prepared correctly, it is a great high-protein, low-fat bodybuilding food. There is also an opportunity in this field if we can give an optional product with added protein content. 1. 3 Total Project Cost A Poultry farm with a population of 5,000 birds started in a rented shed requires a small capital investment of about Rs 62,000 for purchasing farm machinery and equipment. A sum of about Rs 288,000 is required as working g capital, which will be used for purchasing day old chicks and raw material (feed vaccines) etc. 1. 4 Proposed Capacity 5000-birds are the minimum economic size to start a layer farm, where the operational and fixed costs are justifiable. These birds are kept for sixteen months, which includes a rearing period of 4. 5 months and laying period of 12 months. Layer Farm layout ————————————————- PRODUCT INFORMATION Product Name: â€Å"SP15† Product Preview: Mission Statement: â€Å"We Nourish People† Product Tagline: â€Å"The Best Square Meal† ———————————————— PRODUCT FEATURES Following are the features of the SP15 * Modified Hen egg * High protein * Salmonella Treated * With essential nutrients. NUTRITION CONTENT: VITAMINS CONTENTS: OTHER PROTEIN SOURCES: Protein source| Protein content (gm)| Per| Hen egg(Normal)| 5-6. 5| 1 Whole| Chicken| 6. 5| 25gms| Cottage cheese| 5| 25gms| Fish| 6. 6| 25gms| ————————————————- COMPETETIVE ADVANTAGE Protein Shake v/s Solid Protein: Whey protein is absorbed very fast (in some cases, depending on heating time of the product, about 1hr). Thus, solid protein takes longer to digest and absorb giving you the ability to have a positive nitrogen balance and steady release of Amino Acids. Whey enters the blood stream very fast, but also leaves very fast. Technology behind the Project: Use: Layers, White leghorns hen to breed: We will be using a special breed of the Hens for this project. This breed is a very high quality layer called Leghorns. This Breed lays 300 Eggs per year. ————————————————- GENETICS PROCESS RD will do genetic modification on parent specimen of hens. In this process they will modify the gene which is responsible for protein production. After this process hens will be kept for the laying the eggs ————————————————- SALMONELLA TREATMENT The eggs first gets inspected and then selected for the Salmonella Treatment. Following picture depicts the Salmonella. Scientists prepare to inspect eggs for Salmonella enteritidis contamination. (Photo credit: Stephen Ausmus/USDA) After selection of the eggs they undergo following Salmonella Process: * Step 1- Use of Lugol’s solution Step-2 Use of Chlorohexidine + Ethanol + Quaternary Ammonium solution * Step 3- Fleming Eggs undergoing Salmonella Treatment ————————————————- EXAMPLE OF HYPOTHETICAL DIET PLAN * Hypothetical diet plan of body building professional. * If he n eeds 150gms proteins per day, he has to eat 25eggs i. e. 25*6=150gms * But he will need only 10,SP15 eggs, to get 150gms of proteins. i. e. 10*15=150gms ————————————————- MARKETING PLAN * UNIQUE SELLING PREPOSITION (USP) * MARKETING STRATEGY * MARKET SEGMENTATION 1. POPULATION DEMOGRAPHIC . AGE DEMOGRAPHIC 3. SALARY DEMOGRAPHIC * TARGET AUDIENCE * VALUE PROPOSITION * SWOT ANALYSIS ————————————————- UNIQUE SELLING PREPOSITION (USP) ————————————————- â€Å"Only added PROTEINS with no side effects† ————————————————- —— Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- MARKETING STRATEGY Marketing Strategy is a process that can allow an organization to concentrate its limited resources on the greatest opportunities to increase sales and achieve a sustainable competitive advantage. ———————————————— POPULATION DEMOGRAPHIC Source: NFO Research Share of Intake Panel — 2011 Source: NFO Research Share of Intake Panel — 2011 ————————————————- AGE DEMOGRAPHIC Source: NFO Research Share of Intake Panel — 2011 Source: NFO Research Share of Intake Panel — 2011 Total Population| EEgg Eating Population| —————————————â €”——- TARGET AUDIENCE * Health conscious people * Film Actors * Sport persons * Body building professional. ————————————————- VALUE PROPOSITION ————————————————- SWOT ANALYSIS S Strengths * Technological and financial support from NECC S Strengths * Technological and financial support from NECC T Threats Price fluctuation in market due to the inflation Eg. Diesel price hike at regular intervals Many diseases associated with the hens. T Threats Price fluctuation in market due to the inflation Eg. Diesel price hike at regular intervals Many diseases associated with the hens. Opportunities There is Large Market Size for this product. O Opportunities There is Large Market Size for this product. O W Weaknesses * This is a strong business sector so there are no weaknesses in this business. W Weaknesses * This is a strong business sector so there are no weaknesses in this business. ————————————————- Financial Plan Our Financial Plan includes following things: * Land And Building * Project cost * Financing * Projected Income Statement * Key Assumptions 1. Production Assumption 2. Expense Assumption 3. Revenue Assumptions 4. Financial Assumption ————————————————- LAND BUILDING Recommended Mode for Acquiring Land It is recommended that the proposed project should be started in a rented shed. This option will help us to save on the capital cost required for constructing new sheds. Normally, these sheds are located along the roadsides around the cities and rural areas. Generally, the rate prevailing in the market is around Rs 1 per square feet. Space Requirements | Required (SQ. FT) | Shed Space @ 2 Sq. ft / Bird | 10000 | Store Room | 64 | Rooms For Guards workers | 144 | Pavement/Driveway | 510 | Total project space required | 10718 | Rent | 1 Re | Total Rent | 10718 | Suitable Locations Sub-urban and rural areas around the major cities of the country are recommended for starting a layer farm. Setting up a farm at an isolated place will minimize the risk of disease. Infrastructure Requirements * Road * Electricity * Water * Drainage of rain water ————————————————- Project Cost Project Cost | Rs. | Machinery equipment Cost | 62000 | Total Fixed Cost | 62000 | Raw Material Inventory | 159614 | Prepaid Bldg. Rent(10718 *12) | 128616 | Total Working Capital | 288320 | Total Project Cost(INITIAL) | 350230 | ————————————————- Financial Planning INITIAL FINANCING | | Rs. In actual | Debt | 50% | 175115 | Equity | 50% | 175115 | ————————————————- Projected Income Statement Particulars | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Sales| 1510361 | 1546687 | 2912468 | (COGS) | (1501526) | (1437091) | (1750737) | G. P | 8836 | 109595 | 1161731 | (Op. Exp) | (69792) | (72494) | (68913) | Op. Profit | (60956) | 37101 | 1092818 | (Non OP. Exp) | (156634) | (218451) | (260406) | NPBT | (217591) | (181351) | 832412 | TAX @ 20%) | Nil | Nil | (166344) | NPAT | (217591) | (181351) | 666068 | Retained Earnings | – | – | – | Beginning of Year | Nil | (217591) | (398941) | End of year | (217591) | (398941) | 267127 | —— Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- Key Assumptions 1) Production Assumptions:- Maximum Capacity Utilization | 100% | Number of Birds per Flock | 5000 | Number of Flocks per Year | 1 | Total Mortality Rate | 5% | Mortality Rate (Rearing Period) | 3% | Mortality Rate (Laying Period) | 2% | Total Mortality Loss (Birds) | 250 | Total number of Birds Laying Eggs | 4750 | Length of Rearing Period (Months) | 4. 5 | Length of Laying Period (Months) | 12 | Lag time between the Flock(Weeks) | 2 | 2) Expense Assumption:- Maximum Capacity Utilization | 100% | Number of Birds per Flock | 5000 | Number of Flocks per Year | 1 | Total Mortality Rate | 5% | Mortality Rate (Rearing Period) | 3% | Mortality Rate (Laying Period) | 2% | Total Mortality Loss (Birds) | 250 | Total number of Birds Laying Eggs | 4750 | Length of Rearing Period (Months) | 4. 5 | Length of Laying Period (Months) | 12 | Lag time between the Flock(Weeks) | 2 | 3) Revenue Assumption:- Number. of eggs laid/Bird/Month (Dozens) | 2 | Availability of Eggs in Year 1 (Months) | 7. 5 | Production Capacity in Year 1 (Dozens) | 71250 | Eggs selling price (per Dozen) | 21 | Birds selling price | 20 | Litter selling price (per Flock) | 1500 | Feed Bags selling price (in Rs) | 5 | Sales price growth rate | 10% | 4) Financial Assumptions:- Project life (Years) | 10 | Debt | 50% | Equity | 50% | Interest rate on long-term debt | 16% | Interest rate on short term debt | 16% | Debt tenure (Years) | 5 | Minimum Cash Balance | 10000 | Economy Growth Rate | 10% | How to cite A Business Plan to Start a New Business S P Hatcheries India Ltd., Essay examples

A Rose For Emily Symbolism Essay Example For Students

A Rose For Emily Symbolism Essay A Rose for Emily takes place after the Civil War and into the 1900s in the town of Jefferson, Mississippia town very similar to the one in which William Faulkner spent most of his life. It is a story of the conflict between the old and the new South, the past and the presentwith Emily and the things around her steadfastly representing the dying old traditions and the present expressed mostly through the words of the narrator but also through Homer Barron and the new board of aldermen. The issue of racism also runs throughout the story. In part I, Faulkner refers to Emily as a fallen monument, a monument to the southern gentility that existed before the Civil War. Her house is described as having once been whitethe color of youth, innocence and purity, and also of the white societybut decayed now and smelling of dust and disuse.It stands between the cotton wagons (the past) and the gasoline pumps (the present)an eyesore among eyesores.Emily comes from an upper class family and grew up privileged and protected by her father. We will write a custom essay on A Rose For Emily Symbolism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now An agreement between her father and Colonel Sartorisa character we assume was a veteran of the Civil War and who also represented the old South with his edict that no Negro woman should appear on the streets without an apronexempted her from paying taxes. The authorities decide to pay Emily a visit to try to collect the taxes due the town. When we are introduced to Emily, she is described as being in blackthe color of deathand her eyes are lifelesstwo small pieces!of coal.The description of Emily is not unlike that of her house, and I thought of a corpse when reading that she looked bloated, like a body long submerged in motionless water, and of that pallid hue. the dying old traditions. The tarnished gold head on her black cane is the one reminder of her affluent, upper class position of years ago. And the invisible watch hanging from her neck but hidden under her belt is symbolic of her living in the pasttime at a standstill in the Grierson house. When asked if she got the tax notice from the sheriff, Emily claims she has no taxes to pay and refers them to Colonel Sartoris who has been dead for ten yearsanother indication of Emilys living in the past. Referring to the sheriff, she says, Perhaps he considers himself the sheriffI have no taxes in Jefferson. This implies that Emily still considers herself superior to the rest of the town.Emily has difficulty accepting the death of her father, and she hangs onto him and the past for three days after he dies until she finally allows the body to be taken away for burial. Her father had overprotected her throughout her life, chasing suitors away because they werent good enough for her. And when her sweetheart deserts her, she becomes a virtual recluse. The only sign of life is the young Negro servant who gardens and cooks for her. In fact, it is apparent that Emily would have died years earlier if he had not taken care of her. To me, Faulkner is suggesting that the South will die, or certainly not progress, unless its culture changes and it accepts the Negro as a vital part of society. I wonder if the smell of Homers rotting corpse represents racial prejudice: the 80 year old mayor refuses to directly confront Emily about the odorjust as he would not deal with the immorality of racial repressionand after several complaints, four aldermen take it up!on themselves to do something about it. Three of them are graybeards representing the old South; one of them is a younger man, a member of the rising generation. I think the three older men helped to find the source of the stench, but they didnt really do anything to stop itI believe it is the young alderman who spreads the lime in a sowing motion in an effort to get rid of the smellthe lime perhaps representing tolerance. After her father dies, Emily disappears within the house for some time; but when a construction company comes into Jefferson to pave the

Why Your Next Key Content Tool Should Be AMP

If you’ve been researching ways to optimize your mobile website, you may have come across Accelerated Mobile Pages (AMP). There are some key benefits and it’s important to understand what they are. Therefore, I’ve put together a crash course on AMP to get you up to speed. What’s AMP? The AMP project, which was developed by Google and launched in early 2016, is an open-source framework for creating mobile webpages that load fast. You can think of it as an ultra-lightweight version of HTML and it has even been described as â€Å"diet HTML.† But HTML isn’t the only web technology that gets stripped down to meet AMP specifications. The framework also optimizes load times by placing certain restrictions on CSS usage and by not allowing author-written JavaScript. Some of AMP’s biggest gains in speed, however, come from its caching system. The Google AMP Cache acts as a content delivery system, caching your AMP-enabled pages and serving them up more efficiently than if they had been served from your own domain. The Need for Speed Because today’s mobile users have shorter attention spans than ever and are quick to give up on a page if it doesn’t load quickly enough for them, it’s critical to make sure your page load quickly. Research from Google indicates that 53% of users will abandon a website if it takes more than three seconds to load. An AMP-enabled page is designed to load in far less than those dreaded three seconds, with a median load time of under one second. Understanding the Benefits of AMPs There’s no doubt that faster-loading pages are a good thing, but the benefits of AMP-enabled pages are more far-reaching: Improved user experience: When your pages load more quickly, users are more likely to stay on your site and return to it in the future. A positive user experience is also likely to increase conversions. Higher ranking in search results: While AMP isn’t necessarily a ranking factor on its own, there’s no doubt that Google looks more kindly on fast-loading mobile pages. Better visibility: AMP pages are displayed in search results with a lightning bolt symbol. Not only does this help your search results stand out from the crowd, but it may also boost click-through rates as more and more users look for quicker-loading pages. How to â€Å"AMP Up† Your Content If you have a WordPress site, you’re in luck– a plugin by Automatic is available that creates dynamically-generated AMP-enabled pages for you. These pages are accessed by adding /amp to the URLs of your existing posts. If you’re not using WordPress, you’ll have to create and maintain two versions of your web pages: the regular version and the AMP-ready version. Don’t be intimidated by this task, there are plenty of tutorials, templates and boilerplates online to get you started on the right track. AMP is a powerful addition to your current content toolbox, but it won’t deliver success on its own. Even the world’s speediest load times can’t make up for boring content. To get the most out of AMP, you need to ensure that your content is fresh, engaging and well-written. With a steady supply of quality content and the fast load times that come with AMP-enabled pages, you’re sure to see a boost in your search rankings, traffic and overall engagement.

Elagabalus - Roman Emperor

Elagabalus - Roman Emperor Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus aka Emperor Elagabulus Dates: Born - c. 203/204; Reigned - May 15,218 - March 11, 222. Name: Birth - Varius Avitus Bassianus; Imperial - Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus Family: Parents - Sextus Varius Marcellus and Julia Soaemias Bassiana; Cousin and successor - Alexander Severus Ancient Sources on Elagabalus: Cassius Dio, Herodian, and Historia Augusta. Elagabalus Ranked Among the Very Worst Emperors At the same time, he will learn of the Romans discernment, in that these last [Augustus, Trajan, Vespasian, Hadrian, Pius, Titus and Marcus] ruled long and died by natural deaths, whereas the former [Caligula, Nero, Vitellius and Elagabalus] were murdered, dragged through the streets, officially called tyrants, and no man wishes to mention even their names.Aelius Lampridius The Life of Antoninus Heliogabalus The life of Elagabalus Antoninus, also called Varius, I should never have put in writing - hoping that it might not be known that he was emperor of the Romans -, were it not that before him this same imperial office had had a Caligula, a Nero, and a Vitellius. Elagabalus' Predecessor Caracalla's Mixed Evaluation An emperor with mixed reviews, Elagabalus cousin Caracalla (April 4, 188 - April 8, 217) ruled for only 5 years. During this time he caused the murder of his co-ruler, his brother Geta, and his supporters, raised the pay for soldiers, waged campaigns in the East where Macrinius was to have him assassinated, and implemented the (Constitutio Antoniniana Antonine Constitution). The Antonine Constitution was named for Caracalla, whose imperial name was Marcus Aurelius Severus Antoninus Augustus. It extended Roman citizenship throughout the Roman Empire. Macrinus Easily Rises to the Imperial Purple Caracalla had appointed Macrinius to the influential position of praetorian prefect. Because of this lofty position, three days after Caracallas murder, Macrinius, a man without senatorial rank, was powerful enough to compel the troops to proclaim him emperor. Less competent as military leader and emperor than his predecessor, Macrinius suffered losses in the East and wound up making settlements with the Parthians, Armenians, and the Dacians. Defeats and Macrinius introduction of a two-tiered pay for soldiers made him unpopular with the soldiers. Enduring Ambitions of Caracalla's Mother Caracallas mother had been Julia Domna of Emesa, Syria, second wife of the emperor Septimius Severus. She had conceived the idea of propelling her great-nephew to the throne, but ill health prevented her involvement. The grandson of her sister Julia Maesa (who shared the family ambitious streak) was Varius Avitus Bassianus who would soon be known as Elagabalus. Sensationalist Biographers of Elagabalus Sir Ronald Syme calls one of the biographies of the time, Aelius Lampridius The Life of Antoninus Heliogabalus, a farago of cheap pornography.* One of the contentions made by Lampridius is that Julia Symiamira (Soaemias), Julia Maesas daughter, had made no secret of her liaison with Caracalla. In the year 218, Varius Avitus Bassianus was performing the hereditary family function of high priest of the sun god whose worship was popular with the troops. A family resemblance to Caracalla probably led them to believe Varius Avitus Bassianus (Elagabalus) the illegitimate son of the more popular emperor Caracalla. The artful Maesa saw and cherished their rising partiality, and readily sacrificing her daughters reputation to the fortune of her grandson, she insinuated that Bassianus was the natural son of their murdered sovereign. The sums distributed by her emissaries with a lavish hand silenced every objection, and the profusion sufficiently proved the affinity, or at least the resemblance, of Bassianus with the great original.Edward Gibbon Follies of Elagabalus Elagabalus Becomes Emperor at 14 One of the legions near their family hometown proclaimed Elagabalus emperor, naming him Marcus Aurelius Antoninus on May 15, 218. Other legions joined the cause. Meanwhile, still other troops rallied to defend Macrinius. On June 8 (see DIR Macrinus) Elagabalus faction won in battle. The new emperor was only 14-years-old. Elagabalus Discussion in the Forum *I dont remember the source of that Syme quote. It is referred to on The Toynbee Convector. Origin of the Name Elagabalus As emperor, Varius Avitus became known by the Latinized version of the name of his Syrian god El-Gabal. Elagabalus also established El-Gabal as the principal god of the Roman Empire. Elagabalus Alienated the the Roman Senators He further alienated Rome by taking honors and powers upon himself before they had been awarded him including substituting his name for that of Macrinius as consul. In both the message to the senate and the letter to the people he styled himself emperor and Caesar, the son of Antoninus, the grandson of Severus, Pius, Felix, Augustus, proconsul, and holder of the tribunician power, assuming these titles before they had been voted, and he used, not the name of Avitus, but that of his pretended father, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the notebooks of the soldiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . for Macrinus . . . . . . . Caesar . . . . . . . . . to the Pretorians and to the Alban legionaries who were in Italy he wrote . . . . . and that he was consul and high priest (?) . . . and the . . . . . . Marius Censorinus . . leadership . . read . . . of Macrinus . . . . . . . himself, as if not sufficiently by his own voice able to make public . . . . the letters of Sardanapalus to be read . . . by (?) Claudius Pollio, whom he had enrolled among the ex-consuls, and commanded that it anyone resisted him, he should call on the soldiers for assist ance; Dio Cassius LXXX Sexual Charges Herodian, Dio Cassius, Aelius Lampridius and Gibbon have written about Elagabalus femininity, bisexuality, transvestism, and forcing a vestal virgin to break vows that were so solemn any virgin found to have violated them was buried alive. He appears to have worked as a prostitute and may have sought the original transgendering operation. If so, he didnt succeed. When he tried to become a gallus, he was convinced to undergo circumcision, instead. To us the difference is immense, but to Roman men, both were humiliating. Evaluating Elagabalus Although Elagabalus killed many of his political enemies, especially supporters of Macrinius, he wasnt a sadist who tortured and put an inordinate number of people to death. He was: an attractive, hormonally-charged teen with absolute power,the high priest of an exotic god anda Roman emperor from Syria who imposed his eastern customs on Rome. Rome Needed a Universal Religion J.B. Bury believes that with the universal citizenship grant of Caracalla, a universal religion was necessary. With all his unashamed enthusiasm, Elagabalus was not the man to establish a religion; he had not the qualities of a Constantine or yet of a Julian; and his enterprise would perhaps have met with little success even if his authority had not been annulled by his idiosyncrasies. The Invincible Sun, if he was to be worshipped as a sun of righteousness, was not happily recommended by the acts of his Invincible Priest.J.B. Bury Assassination of Elagabalus Ultimately, like most of the emperors of the period, Elagabalus and his mother were killed by his soldiers, after less than four years in power. DIR says his body was dumped in the Tiber and his memory was erased (Damnatio memoriae). He was 17. His first cousin Alexander Severus, also from Emesa, Syria, succeeded him.

PhD program in English Composition and TESOL Personal Statement

PhD program in English Composition and TESOL - Personal Statement Example Francis Bacon’s philosophical writings, William Shakespeare’s plays, Shelley Percy’s poems, and Mark Twain’s novels, just to mention a few, enlightened me on the unique and sharp observations of writers regarding life and nature. Reading these literary works, I toured the underlying lovely world of nature and realized the multifaceted truths about life. For instance, Percy Shelly informs his readers about the environment by using the power of his pen, ‘if winter approaches, can spring be far behind?’ Reading fictitious classics and the enjoyment I got from the beauty of English in them inspired me to write. I kept a record of my perceptions regarding life and observations of nature making use of the elementary English writing skills I had. The more I practiced writing and keeping a record of my observations and perceptions, the more my interests in English composition intensified. Additionally, this enabled me to think in English when writing compositions; thus, improving my aptitudes in written English. The love for writing and reading in English strengthened my love for the English language. This is because it gave me the urge to make painstaking efforts to improve my command of it. My relentless persistence and strong interests enabled me to excel in my academic performance. My outstanding performance in the English language has seen me obtain first-class scholarships on three occasions. These awards are only given to individuals who perform exemplary in their specialty studies. My outstanding performance in schoolwork has never made me a complacent person. Both in co-curricular activities and coursework, I have always exploited endurance as a character. During my undergraduate studies, I was a member of the university’s debating club. Together with my club members, we won several trophies and championships.